Cardiology Conference-CVC 2026

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to the narrowing or blockage of blood vessels outside the heart and brain, most notably in the lower extremities, typically as a result of atherosclerosis. The ensuing reduction in blood flow can manifest as intermittent claudication (leg pain with exertion), numbness, non-healing ulcers, and, in advanced stages, tissue necrosis or gangrene. Major risk factors include tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and physical inactivity. Importantly, PVD often coexists with other atherosclerotic diseases, heightening the risk for myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents.

Accurate diagnosis involves clinical examination, measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), Doppler ultrasonography, and, when indicated, angiographic imaging to evaluate vascular integrity and perfusion.

Management strategies target both symptom relief and disease modification. Foundational interventions involve lifestyle changes—cessation of smoking, initiation of regular physical activity, and adoption of a diet low in saturated fats. Pharmacologic therapy may include antiplatelet agents, statins, and vasodilators. For patients with critical limb ischemia or those unresponsive to conservative measures, revascularization procedures—such as angioplasty, stenting, or surgical bypass—may be warranted. Ongoing surveillance is essential to monitor disease progression and optimize patient outcomes. Early intervention, combined with comprehensive risk factor modification and appropriate medical or procedural therapies, remains central to effective PVD management and the preservation of limb and cardiovascular health.